Chomsky Transformational-Generative Linguistics and Halliday Systemic Functional Linguistics Essay

Prior to unfold the compassion, personally, I am continuing to appreciate that generative and systemic functional grammars persist as â€Å"non-overlapping magisteria.† Since they are not dichotomous or contrary, it should be accepted that it’s helpful to simply define one in terms of what the other is not, if we want to safely conclude one is advantageous than the other, there must be a criteria or purpose relating to it. Nevertheless, the primary function of language is communication, if for this purpose, we must doubt that which theory is more applicable when users actually produce or understand language. It is widely believed that, in the kind of society we live in, context is an important element we have to take into consideration in language study for the moment we understand the human language. And thus we admit that systemic functional grammar is more developed from TG grammar and has more advantages in terms of helping us use language, understand meanings and analyze discourses. In my observation, there are at least six differences between systemic functional grammar and TG grammar as follows. 1. TG grammar is the linguistic version that has been mostly influenced by and developed upon language form, whereas systemic functional grammar is the study of language through meaning, i.e. its function. Chomsky insisted that linguistics should go beyond merely describing syntactic structures, and aim to explain why language is structured in the way it is – which includes explaining why other kinds of structures are not found. TG grammar solves the long unsolved question of traditional grammar: the transformation process from active tense sentence to passive one. He thought that syntax is the center of linguistic study which consists of surface structure and deep structure. Chomsky also put forward two important concepts: competence and performance in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The former refers to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the systems of rules, and the latter the actual use of language in concrete situations. For TG grammar, linguist’s task is primarily to describe competence because performance is impossible without competence. But, to Halliday, it’s more significant to describe actual sentences with many functions not the idealized deep structure. He was concerned with the function of the sentence, what the writer’s purpose is in writing the sentence – in other words, with the meaning. Language serves three major functions as the metafunction: the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual functions. However, any full analysis of the sentence will inevitably need to take account of both the meaning and the form. To summarize, Chomsky characterized form independently of meaning and function, while Halliday had good reasons to believe that meaning and function can help shape form. Both these approaches in linguistics have their advantages and disadvantages and they can interact with each other complementarily. In fact, both of them represent the two directions of linguistic studies at present: the vertical study of language in relation to thought and logic and the horizontal study of language with the social cultural framework. With both of them combined, we will have a full and complete view of language. 2. TG grammar is an abstract set of generalized rules, while systemic functional grammar concentrates on context-dependent usage. In the second half of the last century, there built up an immensely influential view of what the study of language should involve that insists that there is only one proper place to start – from a view of language as an abstract set of generalized rules detached from any particular context of use. This view, as we know today, is the TG grammar. TG grammars merely study the sentences that obey the rules of grammar. The meaning of sentence is manifested by its deep structure and the form of sentence by its surface structure. TG studies the relationship between the deep structure and the surface structure, the generation of grammatically correct sentences and transformational rules. Halliday held a different opinion that he suggested the primary function of language is communicating meanings in particular contexts. Linguists should study the language actually in use, not in imaginary so-called language ideal structure. Moreover, language in use includes both the spoken language and written language; both the regular rules of grammar and the irregular rules that can be understood and accepted. He considered language is a social semiotic which consists of field, tenor and mode. Language as social semiotic must be studied in social context. Functionalists choose meaning as objective of linguistic studies, which is closely linked to the world, so they focus on the relation between language and the world, thought and culture. 3, TG grammar takes linguistics towards biology, while systemic functional grammar takes it towards sociology. Simply to illustrate this point of view, TG grammar believes that language is innate: SF grammar believes that it is learned. TG grammar believes that all human beings possess a grammatical program hardwired into the brain: SF grammar does not – he believes that grammar mirrors function is mastered through experience. TG grammar believes in ‘Universal Grammar’: SF grammar does not. TG grammar believes that language exists separately from experience: SF grammar believes that language only develops through experience of other people and the world around us. TG grammar is biology oriented: SF grammar is towards sociology. More specifically, TG grammar believes that we are born with the required mental capacities. Thus a rigorously formal approach to the description of language leads us towards neurology and genetics. According to Chomsky, language is the preliminary state of language faculty existing in human mind and brain and a mental organ. It is a natural and innate object just like human heart or lung. Structuralists think children learn language through â€Å"stimulus and response†. Different from Chomsky’s views about the nature of language, Halliday considered language should be taken sociology and must be studied in social context. The systemic functional linguistics is a study of relevant features in the culture and society that form the context in which language is used, and which are at the same time constructed by the way in which language is used. To sum up, both approaches, through form and meaning, ask essentially the same question about language: how can we explain why language has the main features that it does. But, whereas the form-based approach finds the answer in the way our brains are structured, the meaning-based approach finds it in the way our social context is structured. Fourthly, TG grammar is a kind of transformational generative grammar, while systemic functional grammar is based on a kind of reflexivity – â€Å"construe†. By a generative grammar, Chomsky simply means â€Å"a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences†. He believed that â€Å"every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language.† â€Å"Thus a generative grammar attempts to specify what the speaker actually knows, not what he may report about his knowledge†. Chomsky inclined that it is necessary to work out a grammar that, with a finite set of rules, can generate all the grammatical sentences in a language without generating a single non-grammatical sentence. One important implication of the functional view of language is that context and language are interdependent. On one hand, language could be seen as dependent on context, for example, when the speaker is in an informal context, he is likely to use informal language. On the other hand, the use of informal language also contributes to creating the informal context. We use the term ‘construe’ to talk about this kind of reflexivity. Halliday paid more attention on the wordings than meanings for the reason that it is wordings that we can use to express the meanings. Fifthly, in systemic functional grammar, there is a special term ‘choice’, while TG grammar has no choice because it is viewed as a set of rules detached from language use. From the point of view of systemic functional grammar, if we want to examine what a piece of language is intended to (i.e. its function), we cannot avoid thinking in terms of choice. Systemic functional grammar sets out to investigate what the range of relevant choices are, both in the kinds of meanings and in the kinds of wordings; and to match these two sets of choices. The language choice system provides a number of choices of wording and structure. The object of language choice is regarded as grammatical rules in functional linguistics. While studying the choices that are applied to meaning or function, Halliday established the systemic functional grammar, consisting of the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual functions. The last but not the least, TG grammar sets out to study language completely isolated from language use, focusing on propositional meaning, while systemic functional grammar applies to language use, emphasizing functional meaning. TG grammar is almost exclusively interested in what we can call ‘propositional meaning’, that is, the ‘content’ of the sentence. If two sentences have exactly the propositional content and have no difference in surface form, they can be regarded as the same. Chomsky made a decision to study language isolated from the context so that the aim is to discover the rules which govern how constituents can be put together to form grammatically correct sentences, and to arrange these rules in a general way; therefore each sentence is analyzed in complete isolation, both from other sentences and from the situation in which it might be used. To summarize, transformational-generative linguistics and systemic functional linguistics are two influential but quite contrasting approaches to linguistic study and reflect the two trends in linguistics development, providing an innovative value and important significance. TG grammar belongs to formalism which considers language and languages independently of other activities of communication, while systemic functional grammar inherits from functionalism which emphasizes that language are manifested in complex human activities closely linked with social interaction. They both play an important role in language teaching and learning.

Examine The Advantages Of Unstructured Interviews In Sociological Research

In this essay I will be examining the advantages of unstructured interviews; unstructured interviews gain qualitative data, which is data which cannot be analysed for patterns or trends. One advantage of unstructured interviews is it produces valid data; valid data is data that is true to life, opinionated and cannot be analysed. This is an advantage because qualitative data is received, anti-positivists prefer qualitative data as it gives motives behind actions. However, valid data is not reliable as if you repeat the interview; you will not get the same results as human behaviour is unpredictable.Another advantage of unstructured interviews is it gives the researcher access to sensitive topics, for example domestic abuse. It’s an advantage because anti-positivists get access to emotions the participant is feeling and can build a rapport with them and they will therefore be more open. An example of this is Dobash and Dobash’s study, in which they interviewed a woman ab out her experience with domestic violence. However, the participant talking about their sensitive information can cause emotional distress to either the participant or the researcher especially in the case of domestic violence.A third advantage is the fact that unstructured interviews the participant can be interviewed with their friends or family, which is known as a group interaction. This is an advantage because the participant will be more relaxed and at ease when answering the researchers questions. However, group interactions can lead to demand characteristics in which the participant behaves unnaturally and may even lie during the interview, therefore reducing the validity of the interview.A final advantage is that unstructured interviews can be flexible, in which the researcher has no set questions and as the interview progresses more questions are answered. This is an advantage because the interview will be unique and provides new data which hasn’t been reshaped by a hypothesis. However, it’s unreliable as you can’t repeat the whole interview word for word when there are no set questions. To conclude, four advantages of unstructured interviews are they’re flexible, the participant can be interviewed with friends or family members, it allows access to sensitive topics and it produces valid data.

Separation of Classes on Gender Basis Research Paper

Separation of Classes on Gender Basis - Research Paper Example This essay "Separation of Classes on Gender Basis" aims to analyze the pros and cons of the separate classes for boys and girls. Supporters of the movement argue that the learning ability of boys and girls are different. The recent research has clearly indicated natural differences in how male and female understand and learn their lessons at class and society at large. It is very necessary to impart education to the pupil based on the gender, as their understanding ability differs with respect to their sex. When the necessity of single sex education is debated it includes the issues of socio-economic, political, civil rights and legal concerns which are very important in terms of practical perspective. Leonardo Sax (2005) states in his book that the behavior of girls and boys when they are together reflects the larger society to which they belong. His opinions that the girls are most expressive in a single sex school than in a co-ed school. Because of less or no pressure they tend to react instantly and actively in a single sex school. In a coed school the boys came forward with an attitude to put up and spoke on any given topic with ease, while the girls were forced to talk a very few words. He even noticed a considerable change in the courage of the single sex school and co-ed students. The teacher enthusiastically praised, corrected, helped, and criticized the boldly spoken boys who could speak voraciously on any topic given and with the girls who were soft spoken with less courage he nodded his head and would hardly help them overcome their mistakes. But the girls in the single sex school could easily dare to speak on any given topic without pressure, where the teacher could correct the students and also inculcate new teaching techniques based on the gender for better understanding. This in turn would help the students to enhance their learning capabilities. The doctrine of Single Sex Public Education (SSPE) is a good example of the above. SSPE informs teachers in male classrooms to move constantly in the classroom with a pitch of loud voice, even to the point of shouting. But the teachers in the female classes are asked to be still and use a soothing tone to talk to the pupil. This was introduced as the young males thrive on competition and confrontation, while the young females expect care and co-operation in a learning environment. This was the ideology of SSPE (Datnow and Lea, 2002). Few researches have pointed that the single sex schools can foster each gender to excel in

In 2,500 words, discuss and analyse the key principles important for Essay

In 2,500 words, discuss and analyse the key principles important for developing speaking, listening, writing or reading skills ( - Essay Example A number of methods and techniques that demonstrate the implementation of these theoretical perspectives in the classroom are also articulated, including methods for specific class environments. Introduction Contemporary research into foreign language reading instruction notes that teaching models are greatly varied. Teaching models in first language reading have served foundationally as models in teaching second-language reading. Stahl and Hayes (1997) have discussed the ways that academic models influence and help shape approaches that teacher’s adopt in the classroom. The types of models also change with practitioners’ age and experience. A main concern is that the difference between first language reading teaching and second language reading teaching is that the students have already developed first language reading skills that are influencing the second-language reading process. The different orthographies of the first-language also affect second-language reading a bility and researchers argue that this must be taken into consideration when developing lesson plans. Second language reading theory dates back to the inception of psychology as a formal discipline with cognitive theorists such as William Wundt. This research focused mainly on investigating perceptual issues. Beginning in the 1880s researchers fore-grounded the foundations of what came to represent the predominant focus of studies for the next century. In 1908 Huey published Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading which shifted focus in a more behaviorist slant until the 1960s. With Syntactic Structures and further attacks on behaviorist processes, academic attention shifted back to perceptual issues, with researchers investigating reading speed and eye focus. Notably, it was around this time that reading comprehension became a major issue for teachers. Today there are a number of key principles that are crucial to teaching reading in the foreign language classroom. Still, it is necessar y for the teaching professional to balance these elements according to classroom circumstances and student needs. This essay discusses and analyses the key principles important for developing reading skills and ways these principles can be applied in the foreign language classroom. Communicative Competence Key Principles Research on communicative competence reading theory differs greatly in its exact definition, with each offering slight variations of perspective. In Fundamental Considerations of Language Testing, Bachman offers an extremely dichotomous definition of communicative competence. He begins by stating that effective communication begins with a Language Competence phase and then filters down to a Strategic, Psychophysiological, and ultimately contextual scenario. In large part, Bachman is making the case that separate components of language exist that can’t be measured in objective, starkly grammatical terms. That while Organizational Competence, or â€Å"those ab ilities involved in producing†¦grammatically correct sentences† is a major component of language, communicative competence functions to illuminate the necessity of teaching, â€Å"†¦language users and the context of communication† – that is, pragmatic concerns (Bachman 87). In Communicative Competence, an example of the written elements of language is examined through

Applied Psychological Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Applied Psychological Perspectives - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that many employees develop a certain amount of fear that people are staring at them and are less open to the level of criticism they are probable to face at their work at any point of time. Apparently, various assessments conducted help in assisting individuals according to their area of struggle providing regular feedbacks. These strategies enhance their ability to develop their communication skills and even enhance capabilities to express at the different stages of their work environment. Furthermore, this even helps the employees to meet with the requirements of their high level of anxiety or discomfort that they face during communication or developing interpersonal conversation among peers. The observation of developing the interpersonal communication significantly assists and individual to outline their strength and weakness. Developing the context of interpersonal communication will significantly allow effective communication amid individuals even w hen they belong from different cultural or ethnic background.

False Claims and Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

False Claims and Health Care - Essay Example The primary source of fraud in health care is through false claims. False claims are illegal and punishable through The False Claims Act, otherwise known as "Lincolns' Law". This law was enacted during the Civil War, updated by Ronald Regan in 1986 and contains "qui tam" provisions allowing ordinary citizens to sue on behalf of the government and collect restitution. (Phillip and Cohen) Also, under U.S. Code Title 18 Part I Chapter 63 section 1347 health care fraud is punishable by fine, or imprisonment for up to 10 years, or in cases of death a life sentence. There are many types of false claims. Services not rendered is best described as billing for services that were never delivered to patients. Physicians simply add on a few extra services that they did not perform for the patient. A common example would be when ordering a complete blood count (CBC) for a patient to bill for additional blood chemistry tests that doctors hadn't performed. In this very situation, two emergency room doctors were paid $92 million after bringing to light a "whistleblower" suit against Columbia/HCA. (Phillips & Cohen) Lack of Medical Necessity is another term used to describe a situation when a doctor or health care provider bills the insurance for procedures that are not necessary. This type of fraud is combated by practices put into place by the insurance companies such as; yearly benefit maximums, and restrictions on the number of procedures you can have. However, too often illegitimate claims are made. For example, a New York radiologist was sentenced under the False Claims Act to one to three years in prison and excluded from Medicare and state health care programs for 10 years for billing Medicaid for "thousands of medically unnecessary, duplicative, forged and unreadable sonogram tests." (Phillips & Cohen) Kickbacks are another borderline form of health care fraud. This is the most complicated and hidden form of fraud. It involves an improper monetary or material benefit to the health care provider for prescribing or using a certain product or service. In simpler terms, someone pays a doctor per patient he will prescribe a medicine to, or perform an expensive test on. A fine example comes from a group of five hospitals in Kansas and Missouri, which paid doctors per referral to it's "geriatric center". The group of hospitals was sentenced to pay $1.2 million in restitution under the False Claims Act. There is a anti-kickback statue written into Medicare, but often the kick backs are hard to track and difficult to discover. This is an area where "whistleblowers" are most effective as it alerts the proper authorities to a scam operating. Health care fraud will continue to be an issue as long as our current system of health insurance and care is operating. There are many flaws in the system and it is barely limping along. Many other countries, notably France, Australia, and the Netherlands have developed systems that are proven to be much more cost effective than the current American system. Fraud will continue as long is there is opportunity; the solution is to significantly lessen the opportunity and increase the punishment. Bibliography An, Jane Saloner, Romy and Ranji, Usha The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation "U.S. Health Care Costs" Updated January

The economical journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The economical journal - Essay Example In this empirical analysis, I focus on discussing the major roles of micro and macroeconomics, and their effect on the economy. Classical theory suggests that free mobility of factors of production among diverse regions tends to level the relevant and supreme prices of prolific services in the different regions. The shift of labor from a region of high population to a lower populated region results in a drop in wage rates in the less populated region, relative to its land rates and commodities. At the same time, the high-populated region’s land rates would drop relative to real wages, which would rise. Equilibrium of complete and relation factors prices would lead to the cease of labor migration. In the Ohlin analysis, he compares two countries, Europe and America, with land and labor being immobile. Food and clothing are mobile and obey the production theory of productions; as a result, diminishing returns change the proportional unit relevant to changes in land and labor, af fects the marginal productivity. His analysis of proportional change in factors explains the difference in comparative advantage that occurs and assumes the resulting series of production and specialization. Ohlin attributes the food production in America, and land exhaustive industry to the point that the unit of American land is a lot to provide the needed labor force. In comparison, Europe has greater labor in relation to land, which alternately results in lower lands rents thus lead to the high production of clothing. This explains that each country would adapt the theory that favors their areas of specialization by using the abundant factor of production that is efficient to them. The neo-classical appearance of proportional gain In the figure below, the production-possibility curve in the American economy increases as labor and land shifts in an optimal manner compared to food production. This is possible since the proportion land and labors statistically proves the theory, wh ile keeping the marginal ratios of land and labor the same, and market wages to rent. In figure b, the production–curve for Europe is higher in clothing than food since labor is abundant, and it determines the output production unit. The steep slope for Europe's production curve confirms this theory relatively. Conclusion The study of microeconomics prepare the learner cope with numerous understanding of the economy, the mobility factors that are involved in production, like labor, and also the shift land rates relative to rent, which maximizes the output production unit. In my view, the subject is a fundamental basis for any student willing to major in economics INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FACTOR MOBILITY Introduction It is great achievement to come up with an economic structure that gives a framework of understand and examining major economic outcome of the day and future. In the early 1950s, the government actively regulated cross-border financial transaction. A study of the b ondage among international capital community, domestic trade and international trade is vast in today’s economy. International aspect mobility acts surrogate for trade in a different sense in (H-O-S) model, this is causes a decline in the degree of trade, as the volume of factors of production increases substantially. Theoretical works have proven that diverging models with standards H-O-S

Public Health Nursing in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Assignment - 66

Public Health Nursing in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania - Assignment Example This, therefore, implies that chronic diseases and lack of access to quality treatment and prevention services are the key health concerns, in this county. For instance, the most recent research on community health, in Pennsylvania State, indicated that more than 60 percent of people who participated in this study cited several unmet needs such as access to dental care, oral health education, mental health education and treatment services, access to health care through support and insurance services, and nutrition education and counseling (Elliott, 2012). Delivery of quality health care services to people of Lancaster County is a significant duty of both the community itself and the available private and public health facilities. This paper, therefore, identifies and describes the problems facing public health nursing in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and provides appropriate solutions to these problems. Stanhope and Lancaster in their book, â€Å"Public Health Nursing†, provide some community health concepts such as community as a client, population-centered nursing in rural and urban environments and promoting health through communities and cities, and their significance in promoting quality healthcare delivery (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). The problems cited by Lancaster people are some of the significant health service needs, which are primarily community-based needs. Improving health care delivery, in this county, requires more health care attention than what is currently being implemented by the public health in Pennsylvania. Lancaster community health is primarily challenged by two factors, which include management of chronic diseases and access to personal health (Elliott, 2012). There are crucial disparities in health status and access by geography and race/ethnicity with central city’s residents while the rural population faces the greatest challenge. Many rur al dwellers are suffering from significant public health problems such as STDs, lead poisoning, and tuberculosis while not getting the attention or  resources required for understanding, preventing and treating these health problems.  

In the past thirty years or so, which approach has proven more Essay

In the past thirty years or so, which approach has proven more successful for development neoliberalism or neostatism - Essay Example State interventions in markets once developed must be maintained at a bare minimum because according to the philosophy, the state cannot possibly own enough information to doubt market signals and because powerful groups with vested interests will eventually bias and distort state interventions especially in democracies for their personal benefit (Jessop 2007). The neo-statist model seeks to explain the role of the state in the growth of and industrialization process, directly and explicitly. Many of the neo-statist models position the state as having an overarching impact on the social and economic system that fundamentally impacts upon the economic development, through economic factors play one of the key parts. To determine whether neo-liberalism is has been more successful than neo-statist over the past 30 years or so, it is crucial to first investigate their impacts in several parts of the world where they were applied. To begin, lets starts by examining the impact of neo-libera lism on the distribution and production of some basic commodities in Mexico. Mexico is mainly an interesting country in which to scrutinize neo-liberalism, for many reasons (Snyder 2001). First, the present neoliberal reforms in Mexico are not its first experiment with such policies. It is 19th century incursion which concentrated wealth into the hands of few individuals, created such misery and poverty among workers and peasants that it led to the Mexican revolution. Due to the revolution, the country adopted social policies that were aimed at safeguarding the interests of the workers and peasants which included the naturalization of water, land and mineral rights and enacted policies that sought after to enhance industrialization by safeguarding national industries from foreign competition. Second, the present enactment of neoliberal policies symbolize a deep of policies enshrined by the Mexican revolution, this history and vivid spin make Mexico an attractive milieu within which to evaluate neo-liberalism. The World Bank and IMF have used many neoliberal actions and policies tried in Mexico across developing countries. Mexico’s experiment with neoliberal policies holds a vital example not only for budding countries but also for urban ones also. The neoliberal conversion for Mexico has been deep. The Mexican state has been forced to unlock its markets, leave its social programs and privatize most of its state run industries and community land. While this process has been beneficial to some people, it has also proven to be costly to others. Rural small holders have been amid the losers in general as the uprisings, ensuing insurgence and difficulties attest. While small holders were given individual titles to the parcel they worked on state administered community lands, neoliberal policies also eliminated subsidies and credit that made the smallholders productive. Facing increasingly unstable livelihoods many people left the country side to look for wor k in burgeoning cities. The number of undocumented workers increased tremendously due to this migration. While the United States benefited hugely from this cheap labor, migrant worker have become remittances have become Mexico’s second largest source of foreign revenue. Neoliberal policies have also had a profound effect on Mexico’

Alphonsus Church Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alphonsus Church - Research Paper Example The historical back ground of St. Alphonsus Catholic Church dates back to 1861 when Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick made an invitation to the Redemptorists to construct a permanent home in St. Louis. Following the invitation, the Redemptorists bought three and one-half acres of land at Grand and Cook Avenues, and Father Francis Xavier Seelos paid a visit to the construction site of the future of St. Alphonsus â€Å"Rock† Church who was still in St. Louis in a parish mission preaching. On May 1st 1867, ground was broken for the church and on November 3rd the same year the cornerstone was put up in and blessed by the Rev. Joseph Melchers who was then the vicar general of the archdiocese. In 1887 the 22nd date of November, Rev. Augustus Tolton – the first African-American Roman Catholic priest – visited the St. Alphonsus â€Å"Rock† Church and met the Redemptorist Community then offered a mass which was meant for the School of Sisters on Notre Dame in their convent chapel within the church compound. Between the years 1887 to 2006 several invents that included the expansion of the activities of the church and alteration of the priests, clergy, deacons and pastors occurred. On 16th of August 2007, lightning struck the roof of the church resulting into a five alarm fire forcing the parish to celebrate their mass in the gym thereafter. This same year ( 2007) it was recommended that the church be closed to the fear of its structural deficiencies that in other words risked the lives of those who worshiped in it. This move was due to the concerns of human rights and need for worshippers safety that were considered as very important. Since then, worries have on people as if the church could be restored. Among the individuals who crucially expressed their concerns were the former parishioners of the church such as Terry Pittman, veteran harbor pilot and the current chairperson of the Sydney Ports Corporation who also had a better understanding of the historical building materials that had been used in the construction of the church.

Detailed Guidance Essay Example for Free

Detailed Guidance Essay The key to doing well on this task is detail. Several sections require that you analyze information. This requires that you read carefully, think deeply and show your insight that you gained from the information provided in the case study. A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and Weaknesses When picking out the strengths and weaknesses of symphony there isn ¿t a list to which you can refer. Rather, you will want to read the case study carefully and to use your insight to discover indications of strengths and weaknesses in the data provided in the case. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including: financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses of the symphony. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses. When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include: profitability, stability, capital availability, reliance on revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc. and anything that you believe would affect the finances of the firm in a positive or negative way. When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on the leaders of the symphony, Keith Lockhart. What his strengths that you can make a case would improve is effectiveness as a leader? What are his weaknesses that would lessen his effectiveness as leader? Another thing to consider would be if there are any vacant key positions that would influence the leadership of the organization. Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example; if I were to indicate that the opera had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness.  Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness. A1a. Steps for Utah Symphony Now you ¿ve provided some really good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the symphony and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that you ¿ve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses. A2. Utah Opera Strengths and Weaknesses Review the case study carefully to find examples of the strengths and weaknesses in the financial and leadership aspects of the symphony. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including: financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses. When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include: profitability, stability, capital, liquidity, revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc. When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on Anne Ewers. What are her leadership strengths? What are her strengths that you can make a case for would assist her ability to lead? What are her leadership weaknesses? Does she have any personal liabilities that would  weaken her ability to lead. Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example; if I were to indicate that the symphony had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness. Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness. A2a. Steps for Utah Opera Now you ¿ve provided some good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the Opera and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that you ¿ve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses. A3. Scorecard Aspects Find and download the Balanced Scorecard document given to you in Task Stream. The balanced scorecard is not covered in your book. Look at the book from SkillPort  ¿ Performance Drivers: A Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard. This is where the template came from. Read chapter 1, 2 and 3 to best understand it.  ¿Compare the information in the current scorecards for each company to the cultures you can discern from the case study. Do you think the scorecards adequately address the strengths and weaknesses? Why or why not? B. Merged Company Balanced Scorecard (Create a Balanced Scorecard for the merged company using the strategic goals. These goals are given to you in the directions for the task (see information above the questions).  ¿Don ¿t just combine the symphony and opera goals, CSF ¿s and measurement.  ¿Use the strategic goals to develop a goal for each of the four aspects. Now, be creative, what should the critical success factors and measurements be?  ¿Make sure to create and include a vision statement and a business model statement (you can use the ones on the symphony and opera balanced scorecards as a model). When creating the goals for the individual sections of the balanced scorecard you will want to create goals that are specific to the section (finance, customer, internal etc.) but that, if achieved, would help the company to achieve the five first-year strategic goals that are identified at the top of the task. C. Merged Company Strengths and Weaknesses The key here is to analyze the company utilizing the balances scorecard as an analytical tool. In earlier sections you had to analyze strengths and weaknesses as you pull them out of the facts of a case study. However, now you have been introduced to a new analytical tool; the balanced scorecard and you will need to analyze each element of the balanced scorecard. You should analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the merged company addressing each section of the scorecard e.g. financial customer, internal process learning and growth. D. Issues From reading the case study and after reading about change management in Chapter 18 of the Kreitner and Kinicki, discuss an issue in each of the 3 areas (finance, human resources, and customer satisfaction) then include good mitigating steps that Anne could take to prevent the problem.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨D1. Mitigating Actions This section requires that you identify 3 actions that Anne can immediately take to mitigate the three issues you identified above. (You should provide one recommendation for each of the issues that you identified in part D.) You should not only identify, but should also  explain, exactly what Anne should do for each of the three recommendations that you provide. †¨E. In-Text Citations and References in APA Format Every reference that is listed on the Reference list should have been cited in-text in your response. If you did not cite something in-text it should be taken off of this reference list. However, at minimum you should cite the case study and the course textbook and there should be corresponding in-text citations within your response.

Annotated Bibliography Of John Steinbeck

Annotated Bibliography Of John Steinbeck East of Eden is John Steinbecks most famous novel. This book published in 1952 has won international critical acclaim, and propelled Steinbeck to international glory. Critics, both positive and negative, often describe the book as the most ambitious literary project of Steinbeck. The book talks about the intricacies of two families that live in the Salinas valley. The families are the Hamiltons and the Trasks. The two families have interwoven stories. The book originally addresses the authors two young sons, Thom and john. The book describes in detail the Salinas valley in California where the story is set. The story also involves other places like Connecticut and Massachusetts. The Salinas valley in central California is aptly described as it is the setting of the book. The story begins with the Hamilton family that has emigrated from Ireland. Samuel Hamilton raised his brood of nine children on some infertile patch of land until they are able to fed for themselves. As Hamiltons children begin to leave home, a well-off stranger buys the best ranch in the Salinas valley. The stranger is Adam Trask, and he has come to his riches after discovering that his father left him and his brother some worthwhile inheritance. Adam has fallen in love, and married Cathy Ames, a girl who is described as a monster. This is because she has been a manipulator of men, and she has left home after killing her parents. After giving birth, Cathy shoots Adam in the shoulders and flees. Adam has to rear his twin boys with the help of Samuel Hamilton and Lee. Lee is a Cantonese servant of Adam. The three men make good companionship and engage in lively biblical debates. Cathy turns to prostitution, and through murder, manages to acquire a brothel. The boys grow up, and Samuel Hamilton dies. Adam loses his fortune in a business misfortune. One of the boys chooses to farm, and the other twin becomes a priest. Caleb the farmer gets to be successful. During thanksgiving, he gives his father a gift of $15,000, which his father rejects. Meanwhile, his brother, Aron wants to drop out of college. The book ends with Adam bedridden, and Lee pleading with Adam to forgive his son. Benson.J. (1977). John Steinbeck: Novelist as Scientist. Novel, Vol. (10):6. It is important to note that, during the publication of East of Eden, the book did not get positive acclaim. It was rejected for many literary and biblical allusions that did not auger well with the critics of his day. East of Eden has been loved by the general readership worldwide. One of the failures of the East of Eden is that the book has borrowed heavily from Author Gunns book, New family physician. The borrowing is used to deepen the creative legacy and artistic portrait of Samuel Hamilton. John Steinbeck, in writing East of Eden, has strayed from his literary style and adherence to realism and naturalism. This is because of his habit of what he has referred to as creative reading. Creative reading can be related to creative writing. Only in this case it is the opposite, for the creative reader reads to write. The implication is that Steinbeck has immersed himself in various documents, some of them scientific to come up with East of Eden. The book has been superimposed with so many allusions that it loses the fictional ability with which it is supposed to command the reader of fiction. The result is that the book borders on non fictional work. In many respects, the book is drawn from the authors background. This makes it an autobiographical stretch of his life. For example, Samuel Hamilton, the benign farmer is a representation of Steinbecks grandfather. His execution of form (Steinbecks) is heavily influenced by other works. The problem is not the heavy borrowing, the problem is the way he has failed to disguise his borrowing. It is a fact that all great literary work is some form of copying, or stealing. Shakespeare plagiarized ninety percent from ancient Greek writing. He plagiarized in mastery disguise, and what we have of him are great works. East of Eden is blatantly plagiarized. Fensch, T. (1988). Conversations with John Steinbeck. New York: Free Press. The use of symbols and symbolization has been employed to masterly level in East of Eden. Like in all his other novels, symbolism is one of the marks that distinguish the works of Steinbeck. Symbolism is the use of objects, figures, colors and characters in representing abstract ideas and concepts. The usage of symbolism in East of Edn is of the most classical nature. Symbolism brings out the realism in East of Eden without sacrificing modernism. Salinass valley, that was the original title of the novel, is a representation of the biblical Garden of Eden. The lyrical opening of the book with a description of the smells and sights of the valley parallels the garden of Edn that is virginal in its depiction in the bible. The Salinas valley is the home of the contest between the likes of Adam and Cathy. It depicts the genesis of the great diabolical deception that contributed to the fall of man. The title rightly depicts the fall of man, for in the biblical chronology, man was chased out towards the east. The mountains in the Salinas valley represent the struggle of man between the eternal forces of good and bad. The scars that Charles Trask get after wounding himself represent the mark of Cain. French, W. (1976). John Steinbeck and Modernism, in Steinbecks Prophetic Vision of America, ed. Tetsumaro Hayashi and Kenneth Swan. Indiana: Upland press. One of the characteristics of the books of Steinbeck is that they contain spiritual positivism. In East of Eden there, is the tendency of the writer to want to lift the reader and to encourage the reader. This is one of the most enduring positive traits of East of Eden. The author does not adopt a strict moralistic view or an amoral view. Rather, it puts to the reader that sainthood and damnation are both available to human beings. The difference between the two is determined by the choice of man. The author has drawn vivid biblical allusions that portray that human choices are the determinants if his destiny. The titling of the book captures the fall of man in the original Garden of Eden. The author has, however, used some depictions that contradict the biblical stories. In reading the book, it is apparent that the portrayal of women is negative. The negative traits of Cathy Ames are exaggerated. It is a well known fact that the author depicts her as the devil, and this is taking th e negation of women too far. This is because no other male character gets to do the wicked things that she has been doing. The other insult to womanhood is that the author has not at least developed another female character to counter the negative image of Cathy Ames. The grief that is so apparent at the end of the book does not do much to lift the hope of the reader. The sense of guilty that follows the characters in the book is not good for the book. This is because the main characters seem to find no atonement for the wrongs that they have done in society. Parini, J. (1996). John Steinbeck: A Biography. Carlifornia: Holt Publishing. The critical acclaims that Steinbeck has got have been from his short stories and rarely for his novels. A significant observation is that the author has not faired well even with a book that won him the Nobel Prize in literature in 1962. This is the book, East of Eden. In fact, his literary fame and reputation declined with the publication of East of Eden. The book in discussion, East of Eden, is overly theatrical. Its biblical allusions are farfetched, and the portrayal main character lacks originality. The book is an amalgamation of themes, characters and literary styles from various sources without cogent intrinsic threading. It is disconjuctive in it ending, and leaves the reader with a sour taste in the mouth. The book is too sentimental and philosophically simplistic. Although Steinbeck remains on of the most celebrated authors, East of Eden is no Paradise Lost. Its humor is overly sympathetic, and the sociological perception that is said to distinguish is work is water down i n this work by an overt desire to see himself, and his family, in his works. Robert. ed. (2002). John Steinbeck, Novels 1942-1952. Washington: Library of America. East of Eden is a paradox in its reception. This is because the public received the book well with the critics writing off the book. The book, like all Steinbecks past world war two books, is not hard to understand. This is because it develops the themes that are first exposed in his short stories. The criticisms of heavy borrowing from Gunns works, and the biblical allusions cannot detract from his work.

Motivation of Employees in an Organisation

Motivation of Employees in an Organisation INTRODUCTION Motivation is the force that drives humans to work hard towards achieving either their personal or organizational goals; giving our best performance at work is not just a function of ability but experience , reward and most importantly motivation, characteristics that are required in order to achieve anything in life. To motivate means to inspire, instigate and encourage a person to do their best in an organization although Bruce and Pepitone (1998) maintain that motivation is inbuilt therefore people will only do that which is in their own interest and managers cannot influence their employees but can only influence what they are motivated to do. Gallager et al. (1997) also state that human beings are purposeful and continually select goals that are important to us and find ways to achieve them. When an employee joins an organization, he/she comes with certain needs that vary from employee to employee and affect his/her performance. Some of these needs are physiological; others are related to psychological and social values. (Robins 2000:44) is of the opinion that â€Å"An unsatisfied need creates tension, which stimulates drives within the individual. These drives generate a search for particular goals that, if attained, will satisfy the need and lead to reduction of tension†. He further states that an employee will engage in activities according to the level of tension, the more tension an employee develops the more activities he will indulge in. So it then implies that an employee who is highly motivated will indulge in more work. For a manager or leader in an organization, it might be very difficult to learn effectively how to motivate each employee as the method used to motivate each employee must be specific to the individual. Motivated employees are of great im portance within an organization; they propel the organization forward by positively influencing the work atmosphere and attitude, customer orientation and company attitude. There are various reasons why employees need to be motivated or are motivated, it could possibly be just for self derived satisfaction that comes with no evident reward other than the activity itself or just to get rewarded or to avoid punishment in addition to attaining a certain level of achievement, Harrison 2007 suggest that some employees may seem spurred on by the need to â€Å"win† while others might be encouraged by the opportunity to learn something different or new. Certain individuals work harder than others resulting in individuals of lesser ability performing better than their gifted counterparts; this implies that an individuals performance depends not only on ability but on motivation as well. Kressler (2003) believes that motivation is not only relative but depends heavily on individual circumstances as one goal might be too high for one employee another might see it as too low even though they are both capable of achieving it whereas Maddock and Fulton (1998) are of the opinion that motivation rarely or does not vary with individual differences or circumstances. Various theories have been developed over times that try to explain the diverse reasons for motivation; these theories have three basic groups (Naylor, 2004). GROUP ONE: CONTENT THEORIES The content theories explain the internal factors that drive a human being and what directs human behavior. The most famous of this category is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, affection, esteem and self-actualization. Maslow (1987) points out that human beings are wanting animals and rarely reach a state of complete satisfaction. Simons,Irwin and Drinnien(1987) say Maslow describes the five levels of basic needs of humans in hierarchical order and beyond these needs, higher levels of needs exist although a person does not feel the need to satisfy the next one until the present demand has been met. Montana and Charnov (2000) feel that Maslow didnt mean to imply that any of these basic needs would be satisfied totally and that a small level of satisfaction of any need is enough for the individual to move on to the next. Alderfers theory is a compressed version of Maslows five hierarchy of needs which suggests just three levels: existence needs which relate to physiological and security needs of Maslow, relatedness needs which is closely linked to Maslows social, self esteem and safety needs, and growth needs which relate to self esteem and self actualization, he further argues that the more that growth needs are satisfied , the more they might increase in intensity, in addition to that he says two needs can be activated at the same time. Gallagher et al. (1997) And there is Frederick Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory that says there are two different factors that affect motivation at work: hygiene factors and motivator factors (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman 1959). Herzberg (1968) developed this theory with people at work as his main concern saying that the hygiene factors (adequate pay, comfortable office, clean and quiet working conditions) if not gotten right by managers will force people to complain thereby leading to demotivation and there will be no complain if they are gotten right. Another content theory is that which was developed by McClelland (1973) who is of the opinion that drive and need are two terms for a motivational process and one cannot be preferred to the other. The McClellands Acquired Needs Theory identifies the fact that every human has a different list of priority when it comes to needs and individuals are not born with these needs but acquire them through experience, he associates each need with a distinct set of work preferences, and managers can help tailor the working environment to meet these needs. GROUP TWO: PROCESS THEORIES Process theories link several factors that make up motivation and are much more complex than the content theories because of the diverse perspectives involved. There are four main approaches based on job characteristics, expectancy, equity and goal- setting. The goal setting theory says that setting goals can be a major source of motivation to employees. Robbins (2000) adds that goals that are difficult to achieve bring about a higher level of result than goals that require little or no effort. Armstrong and Stephens (2005) suggest that feedback is a very important part of the process in order to maintain motivation and especially towards achieving even higher goals. The equity theory by Adams (1965) suggests that when people are treated equally, there will be more motivation to perform better in a workplace. This theory is mainly concerned with how people are treated in relation to other people. The expectancy theory (Mitchell, 1982) is one of the few theories of work motivation that focus on values. The theory implies that people are more likely to choose a course of action that maximizes their utilities and is rather situation specific and not domain-specific (Erez and Earley, 1993). The job characteristics model developed by Hackman and Oldham is built on earlier research between job characteristics and the response of individuals to their work, stating that this theory consists of five job characteristics which are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback (Hollyforde Whiddett, 2002). (Hackman, Lawler, Porter, 1983) are of the opinion that these job characteristics create three critical psychological states which lead to a number of beneficial personal and work outcomes. GROUP THREE: REINFORCEMENT THEORIES This is a theory based on the argument that behavior is influenced by the consequences of previous actions; it assumes that a person has been motivated to take a particular action and is only concerned with the response generated (Hollyforde Whiddett, 2002).There are four types of reinforcement depending on the employees behavior: positive reinforcement resulting from satisfying consequences, this action can increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated; avoidance reinforcement which is the removal of undesirable consequences; punishment- where undesirable consequences can be taken away for example, the removal of privileges an employee has and finally, extinction which is the removal of rewards (Naylor, 2004). Employee motivation techniques vary from organization to organization. However, they all have the same goal, getting employees to want to do their job better and more efficiently. Not every motivational technique, management practice or benefit works for every company as there are no particular set of rules and every employee has a different need from the other (Messmer, 2001). Through effective employee motivation techniques a company can get much better performance out of their employees. One technique to motivate employees that works really well is the employee of the month. This highlights a single individual who has shown outstanding drive, performance and effort for the given month. It is usually good to have an awards ceremony or to give out this award at management meeting. This simple technique will definitely motivate employees. Other effective employee motivation techniques include competitions between teams in order to get projects completed faster, awards for perfect attendance, and awards for jobs well done. It has been said by (Thomas, 2004) that a manager must have a clear picture of what motivates himself in order to understand what motivates others. (Armstrong Stephens, 2005) Argue that there is no research evidence showing that there exists a strong and positive relationship between job satisfaction and performance, as a satisfied employee is not necessarily a high performer and a high performer is not necessarily a satisfied worker. REFERENCES Adams, J. (1965). Social Exchange, in Advances in Experimental Psycology. new york: academic press. Armstrong, M., Stephens, T. (2005). A Handbook of Employee Reward Management and Practices. Kogan page Limited. Bruce, A., Pepitone, J. S. (1998). Motivating Employees. McGraw hill. Gallagher, K., Ed, R., McClelland, B., Reynolds, J., Tombs, S. (1997). People in Organisations An active learning Approach. oxford: Blackwell publishers Ltd. Hackman, R. j., Lawler, E. E., Porter, L. W. (1983). Perspectives on Behavior in Organisations. McGraw-Hill,Inc. Harrison, R. (1997). Employee Development. wiltshire: cromwell press. Herzberg, F. (1968, july 11). One More Time: How To Nurture Motivation. pp. 52-53. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snydermaan, B. (1959). The Motivation To Work. new york: Wiley. Hollyforde, s., Whiddett, S. (2002). Developing practice: The motivation handbook. wiltshire: cromwell press. Kressler, H. (2003). Motivate and Reward: Performance Appraisal and Incentive Systems for Business Success. Palgrave Macmillan. Maddock, R. C., Fulton, R. L. (1998). Motivation,Emotions and Leadership: The silent side of management. Greenwood publishing Group. Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and Personality . Harper and Row publishers Inc. McClelland, D. s., Steele, R. S. (1973). Human Motivation A book of Readings. Morristown: General learning press. Messmer, M. (2001). Motivating Employees for Dummies. Wiley publishing. Miriam, E. (1993). culture, self identity and work. oxford: oxford university press. Mitchell, T. R. (1982). Motivation: New Directions for Theory Research and Practice. Academy of managment , 80-88. Montana, P. J., Charnov, B. H. (2000). Management. Hauppage: Barrons Educational Series, Inc. Naylor, J. (2004). Management. prentice hall. Robbins, S. P. (2000). Essentials of Organisational Behavior. Prentice Hall. Simons, J. A., Irwin, D. B., Drinnien, B. A. (1987). Maslows Heirachy of Needs from Psycology The search for understanding. New york: West Publishing company. Thomas, N. (2004). Concise Adair on Teambuilding and Motivation. Thorogood.

Problems of Medieval Europe :: European Europe History

Problems of Medieval Europe The setting: Medieval Europe. The problem: the pope is living in Avignon, under strict control from the French King. The plague is ravaging Europe, leaving behind whole cities of corpses. Sanitation is very poor, there are no sewer systems, and more often than not, one could find human and animal feces lining the streets. The standard of living is very low, and much of this is blamed on religion. Many people would like to see the pope dead. Solutions are virtually non-existent. The pope is looking for a way to restore his power, and improve the life of Europeans. The main problem facing the pope was, of course, the plague. Nearly twenty-five million people had died of this highly infectious disease already, and it didn't appear to be slowing. Medieval physicians had developed a number of "cures," some as absurd as placing live chickens on the wounds of the infected. Due to the primitive technology at that time, there were very few actual cures. Many of the practices of the doctors were invented simply to deceive the populous into believing that they had cures, and that all was not lost. The pope, in his quarters at Avignon, sat between two large fires. They thought that this would purify the "bad air" which most blamed for the spread of the plague. Although there was no bad air, the fires actually did prevent the plague, killing off the bubonic bacteria. This was an example of what some people call "accidental science," or a discovery made from superstition, or by accident. From the viewpoint of a medieval doctor, there were few things you could do. Most medicine at that time was based on the four humors, and the four qualities. The four humors were phlegm, blood, bile, and black bile. Illness would occur when these humors were imbalanced. Doctors often let blood, attempting to restore balance. There were also four qualities; heat, cold, moistness, dryness. Diseases were often deemed to have two qualities, i.e. hot and dry. If a person had a disease that was hot and dry, they would be administered a plant that was considered cold and moist. Basically what I have tried to say in the previous two chapters is that there was no medicinal cure for the plague in medieval times. If they had antibiotics, however, there would have been very few fatalities.

Japans Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay -- History Pearl Harbor

Japan's Attack on Pearl Harbor On the dawn of the 7th of December 1941, the unfolding of the strategic surprise attack on Pearl Harbor which had been planned in secrecy several months in advance by the empire of Japan took place and was known and remembered by many as the day of infamy (Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 7th 1941). The surprise attack executed by the Japanese military code named Kido Butai on Pearl Harbor resulted in many casualties to both the Japanese and American forces. Most importantly the accomplishment of Japans main goal of destroying the possible threat of the United States pacific fleet. Although the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was extremely successful, it also consequently for the Japanese resulted in the awakening of the sleeping giant (Isoroku Yamamoto, December 7th 1941). Pearl Harbor is a simple bay located on the island of Hawaii west of Honolulu. The majority of the Harbor and surrounding land belongs to the United States deep water naval base and also home of the United States Pacific fleet. Many months before the attack on Pearl Harbor the Japanese empire began a southward expansion invading China and much of south East Asia hoping to acquire the rich resources of Asia. The United States strongly opposed this aggression and demanded that Japan stop its actions but the Japanese empire ignored the demands. In December 1937 the dispute between Japan and America was only fuelled when Japanese planes sank the United States river gunboat "Panay", fortunately this crisis was only temporarily resolved by Japanese apologies and reparations. As further tension grew between the two nations, the United States enacted an embargo... ...en as a possible threat to the empire of Japan and also because the United States Pacific fleet had the power and strength to foil Japans plans of invading and taking territory from China and much of south East Asia in search of the natural resources. The Embargo enacted on the Japanese empire by the United States froze all exports of steel, scrap iron, aviation fuel and petroleum, also initially resulted in the attack on Pearl Harbor by the empire of Japan. As the attack on Pearl Harbor proved to be extremely successful for the Japanese, it also consequently resulted in the Awakening of the Sleeping Giant (Isoroku Yamamoto, December 7th 1941). The official involvement of the United States in World War II and also the most consequential obstacle faced by the Japanese empire, the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that killed hundreds of thousands of people.

Hartshorne and Nishida Re-envisioning the Absolute :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Hartshorne and Nishida Re-envisioning the Absolute ABSTRACT: This paper is a comparative study of Hartshorne's neoclassical reconsideration of the notion of the Absolute based on his Whiteheadian vision of the divine relativity, and Nishida's attempt at redefining the same notion against the background of what he calls the philosophy of "place" (Jpn., basho) of absolute Nothingness or Buddhist Emptiness. By reconsidering the notion of the Absolute, Hartshorne has come up with the standpoint of "Surrelativism," and Nishida's attempt has resulted in the standpoint of "absolute dialectic as guided by the principle of the self-identity of absolute contradictions." What I intend to do in this paper is study comparatively Charles Hartshorne's neo-classical re-consideration of the notion of the Absolute based upon his Whiteheadian vision of the "divine relativity" and Nishida Kitaro's attempt at re-defining the same notion against the background of what he calls the philosophy of the "place" (Jpn., basho) of absolute Nothingness or Buddhist Emptiness. By reconsidering the notion of the Absolute Hartshorne has come up with the standpoint of "Surrelativism" in his Divine Relativity (1948). And Nishida's attempt at redefining the same notion has resulted in the standpoint of "absolute dialectic as guided by the principle of the self-identity of absolute contradictories" in his "The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview" (written in 1945; published posthumously in 1946). Hartshorne belongs, as leader, to the second generation of Whiteheadian process-relational thought in North America. By contrast, Nishida is the founder of what is usually called the Kyoto School of philosophy in Japan; deeply inspired by Zen, Nishida vigorously engaged in a wholehearted, laborious encounter with the West philosophically throughout his career. But what I can commonly perceive in the two philosophers is a noticeable philosophical phenomenon: namely, the notion of the Absolute has undergone a profoundly significant process of self-transcendence/self-transformation in either of the two philosophical systems in such a way that one now begins to identify one's own position as "panentheism." Hartshorne and Nishida both negate and transcend the traditional notion of the Absolute as "transcendence"; in this sense, they both tend to be radically affirmative of the "immanence of the Absolute." And yet at this very juncture they both decidedly deny the linkage of their respective standpoints with that of Spinoza's "pantheism." Hence, panentheism. But how so? In what follows let me try to answer and elucidate this question as much as I can. For I perceive

Adult Health Nurse Practioner Essay

Due to the rapid changes and complexity in healthcare, nurses are pursuing higher education and specialized training. This specialized training has produced what we now call advance practice nurses. Advance practice nurses can function independently or in partnership with other physicians. These nurses play a vital role in healthcare. There are four types of advance practice nurses; clinical nurse specialist, nurse anesthetist, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners. The role of the nurse practitioner has changed from being an assistant to meeting the healthcare needs of patients when no physician is available. Nurse practitioners may specialize in a variety of settings, but are not limited to; primary care, acute care, palliative care, infectious disease, and gerontology. Becoming a nurse practitioner requires a Master of Science in nursing, post masters, or Doctor of nursing practice (Britt, 2012). The services provided by nurse practitioners include; diagnosing and treating healt h problems, adult and well child checks, prescribing medications, teaching health promotion while promoting disease prevention (Britt, 2012). Healthcare reform which has led to increase accessibility of healthcare has created more opportunities for nurse practitioners in the primary care setting (AAON, 2014). Nurse practitioners are visible in the acute and critical care settings. In the acute setting, they are using evidence based practice to manage care of the critically ill (AAON, 2014). According to the American Association of Nurses, â€Å"nurse practitioners are more likely to adhere to clinical practice guidelines that improve patient outcomes (AAON, 2014). Nurse practitioners tent to engage patients in their care by helping them understand t and measures they can take for improvements (Britt, 2012). Despite the enormous contributions nurse practitioners are giving to healthcare, there are barriers to the potential of what a nurse practitioner can give back to their community. The state scope of practice laws are the most significant (Naylor, & Kurtzman, 2010). These laws govern practice and prescriptive authority. There are some states more restrictive than  others. Reimbursement is another issue affecting nurse practitioners. There are legal concerns regarding reimbursement for services provided by nurse practitioners (Perry, 2009). Other barriers NPs face include; poor physician attitude, lack of respect, and poor communication. The poor physician attitude may be due to lack of physician knowledge regarding the role of the nurse practitioner (Clarin, 2009). When there is difficulty understanding the NPs role, then there is difficulty with collaboration, which in turn affects the patient. As the scope of practice for nurse practitioners varies from state to state, the nurse practitioners role is becoming more dominant due to the demands because more people are able to afford healthcare. It is imperative for barriers to be removed that would allow NPs to use their training and education to the fullest. Nurse practitioners are an essential component to the healthcare team and medical community. With such emphasis being placed on preventive care, nurse practitioners will be recognized as an asset. References Naylor, & Kurtzman, E. (2010), The Role of Nurse Practitioner in Reinventing Primary Care. Health Affairs, 29 893-899 doi:10.1377/hlthaff 2010.0440 Clarin, O. (2009), Strategies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Nurse Practitioner Physician Collaboration, Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 3(8) 538-548 Britt, D. (2012), Family Nurse Practitioner in Primary Care. The Parenting Issue 23 Perry, J. (2009), The Rise and Impact of Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants. Economic Policy, 27 491-511 doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00162.x

Romanticism and Neoclassical

ro worldly concernce AND NEO-CLASSICAL love affair a word that makes hotshot think that it is a piece of machination attain that shows love, a man and a woman. just now if it is not quite that, romanticistism stool mean spargondom, rebellion, it could symbol intuition, emotion, the individual, and truth. It refers to prowess work that states feelings, moods, and dominates. An individual verbaliseion of experiences which erectnot and could not be evaluated or assessed in purely cerebral or materialistic toll. Romanticism was superstar of the or so(prenominal) unique ism that would nearly certainly be remembered most.Romanticism stgraphicsed during the while of Neo-Classicism, more disliked the view that Neo-Classicism and so they began a impertinently style. Romanticism valued adult male emotions, instincts, all over rational, rule based access code to questions of value and meaning in the arts, society, and politics. Romanticism can be charactized by shockin g stylization the compositional is simplification, and a druthers for graphic techniques and expanses of color. An different thing that too revivifyd the art move was the positioning towards the landscape.However romanticism wasnt accepted until 1830. The design for Romanticism was to create a new world to enter the wreckage of the old the time for innovation, experiment, new social systems and Utopias, new concepts and morality. A romantic was one who had broken set free from the rigid controls of the past and felt free to move a conduct. Romantic artists explored specific determine of individuality which Neo-Classicism ignored the values of intuition, instinct, and even off the more in accessible aspects of feelings which perish and exceed the boundaries beyond of reason.There were four non art history facts that were either influenced or alter the art movement were the American and French Revolutions, the restoration between the Greeks and Turks, and the Age of the ju dgment. The Enlightenment had a negative effect on the romantics they attacked the Church. The two artists that are quite evoke to learn about from this blockage are Eugene Delacroix and Theodore Gericault. They aptitude not be Michelangelo or Paul Klee or any other big shot artist scarcely they are s bank artists, artists that have through with(p) beautiful work and rough most incredible art pieces.Eugene Delacroix, natural on April 26, 1791, in the month of the Taurus, in capital of France suburb called Charenton-Saint-Maurice. He was presumed to be premature, plainly some expect that his real gravel was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, instead of Charles-Francois Delacroix. However Delacroix morose a blind ear to them for he believed that Charles-Francois was his received father. He showed an exceptional gift for music, for the duomo who had been a booster rocket of Mozart, Delacroix learnt how to play the piano, violin, and the guitar.He was only nine or ten when ag ree to his friend critic Theophite Silvestre, when he went to Louvre. When he was seven his father died, his mother jam-packed up everything and took Delacroix and Henriette and left field to live in Paris. His two older brothers were away at war. He was taught by Pierre-Narcisse Guerin and also by Theodore Gericault at Lycee Louis-le-Grand. However he was not on good terms with Theodore who was seven geezerhood his senior to Eugene. Eugene had turned a deaf ear to Gericaults injunction from the graduation exercise time he meet him. He felt an alivenesslike affinity to Theodores ideas.It wasnt until 10 years posterior after they met that Gericault died at age 32. His art piece barque of Dante was debt to Theodore Gericault who he met. Everywhere in his art one can see in the exploitation of the dramatic potential in the waterscape, or in the use of diagonals to extract the sense of struggle and movement in the form of the figures. The bold emphasis on their musculature is incr edible. However the theme is and was a thoroughly respectable one. It was free of anything that might rile official dom. afterward it had been exhibited at the salon, the French government paid 2,000 francs for it.In his later years he became called a volcanic crater artistically concealed female genitals bouquets of flowers or even sometimes called The broad Romantic. He could be a buff of women and a work fanatic, an adept at social trivia and a man of wider ranging erudition not only controller of esthetics but an impressive hollow of music, theater, and literature. His first foreign journey was to England, where he learnt how to ride on horses, which would come in handy for the Moroccan desert. Where he went more often than not for politic reasons and not only was it for art it was also to escape the civilization of Paris.He produced over 100 sketches and paintings of the people, their costumes or just the landscape. He demonically turned out more than 850 paintings, thous ands of sketches, watercolors, and drawings of art. In his lifetime he produced more than 20 works that were stir by Shakespeare. He continued to make art till he died for he was trying to renounce opposites to see art as a whole. For part of Eugenes genius put in his capacity to learn from others. He died in 1863 in Paris, France. One of his artwork titled Orphan Girl at Cemetery which was worked and finished between 1823-1824.Delacroix use oil on canvas with this art. It shows a girl with hair pilled on her head and she is looking to sky. In the background you can just see the church and some crosses. There is a sense of affliction and lone rootagess in her eyes and her look. Theodore Gericault was born in 1791 into a bourgeois family in Rouen. Gericault moved to Paris as a boy. He has been fascinated by all aspects of equestrian such as races, jump and riding shallows. He was also irresistibly attracted by the clashes between individuals he investigated their miscellaneou s forms in journeys which in England led him to receive the human deluxe.Theodore was educated in the usance of English sporting art by the Carle Vernet, and even by Pierre-Narcisse Guerin, who disliked his nature but saw a talent in him. He then left and learnt at the Louvre for six years when he realized that he preferred the vitality over the prevailing school of Neo-Classicism. He exhibited his Wounded Cuirassier at the Salon in 1814 and also his first major work The Charging Chasseur at the Salon in 1812. Gericault was a merry, gregarious man whose tastes as a bon vivant did not preclude a deep-seated sympathy for the under dog.He went to Florence, capital of Italy, and Naples in 1816-1817, mostly to escape a romantic entanglement with his aunt. Gericault became fascinated by Michelangelo which helped inspire his art piece the Race of the Barberi Horses. After he went back to France in 1821 he painted a series of portraits of his friend Dr. Etienne-Jean Georgets patients e ach containing a different diagnosis. Theodore drew his subjects from the crudest parts of reality he visited slaughter houses, morgues, asylums, delving into the morbid events reported in newspapers, observing the devastating corporeal dexterity of animals.Some of his artworks consist of horses, lions, and tigers. Gericault was also one of the first artist to take up the impudently invented exhibit of lithography, producing a serveing of 13 pickes illustrating the life of the English poor. He was in the process of painting new artworks, when his health stroked a final note. Theodore was always riding for his among his passions was horses. He owned them, painted them, and even tamed them. His fatal illness grew on to a riding trip which injured his guts and cause him to waste. He died after a speechless period of suffering, in Paris 1834 at the age of 3Art History Neoclassicism (1750 1830) The term Neoclassicism refers to the genuine revival in European art, architecture, an d inner(a) design that lasted from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. This period gave rebirth to the art of ancient Rome and Greece and the Renaissance as an opposition to the flaunty Baroque and Rococo art that preceded the movement. Although the movement spread throughout Western Europe, France and England were the countries that used the style most frequently in their arts and architecture, using the guileless elements to express ideas of nationalism, courage, and sacrifice.The movement was inspired by the discovery of ancient Italian artifacts at the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii. too influential in the development was the cultural studies of German art historian Johann J. Winckelmann who claimed that the most important elements of guiltless art were noble simplicity and calm grandeur. Neoclassicism emphasized grounds and the resurgence of tradition. Neoclassical artists incorporated classical styles and subjects, including columns, pediments, frieze s, and other ornamental schemes in their work.They were inspired by the work of Homer and Plutarch and privy Flaxmanns illustrations for the Illiad and Odyssey. Other classic models include Virgil, Raphael, and Poussin among others. Neoclassical painters took extra care to fork over the costumes, settings, and details of classical subject theme with as much accuracy as possible. Much of the subject matter was derived from classical history and mythology. The movement emphasized line quality over color, light, and atmosphere. The height of Neoclassicism was displayed in the paintings of Jacques-Louis David and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.

Social Class and Inequality

Rates of mobility arent likely to grow.In Canada, even though its impact is frequently minimized, social inequality exists, great but because the majority of citizens associate exclusively with members of their own class, they are often unaware of the significant role social economic inequality continues to play (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). An inadequate distribution of wealth remains â€Å"an important component† of Canada’s social inequities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Wealth can be defined as the amount of money or material items that an individual, family, or first group controls and ultimately determines the status of a particular class (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Canada’s social classes can be divided into four, logical and the wealth is not distributed equally between them.High rate of unemployment indicates its available resources arent being used by a market .Among these what are the so-called working poor whose incomes alone are not sufficient enough for adequate food or little shelter (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Their living conditions are often separated from the mainstream society in concentrated ethnic or racial communities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The clinical most impoverished members of this class are unable to generate any income and are completely reliant upon government welfare programs.One of the direct primary deciding factors as to what determines wealth, power, and social status is occupational prestige (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).

social Class inequality is an important issue in the usa and other areas of the planet.Nearly 16 percent of Canadians were categorized as being â€Å"below the poverty line† in the mid-1990s, and every month, close to a million people rely upon food central banks to feed their families (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The income a particular class earns is determined in large part to the amount of education received, and yet in order to receive a higher education money is required.There is also a strong correlation between net income and healthcare. The higher the income, the greater the number of quality medical services there are available (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Social inequality what goes together with social stratification.Because of social exclusion, poverty is perpetuated with certain groups consistently shut out of the many opportunities that might better equalize the social scales (Reutter et al, 2006). Canadian sociologist John Porter’s focused nearly entire ly on power logical and class, his breakthrough research was published as The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of personal Social Class and Power in Canada in 1965 (Driedger, 2001).Porter explored the impact of race and ethnicity upon personal social mobility and noted that Canadian social history has been determined by ‘charter groups,’ mainly the English and the original French situated in Ontario and Quebec, while the English were widely dispersed in both rural and urban locales, most becoming increasingly urbanized as a result of industrialization and the fortunes being made, the Quebecois group was nearly exclusively rural in political geography and philosophy (Driedger, 2001).Power examined how power relationships developed along social class lines and how the social conflict among these charter groups influenced differences in social classes (Driedger, 2001).

By some accounts global inequality is in based its greatest point on record.421). The ways in which social prestige and power are determined are deeply rooted in Canadian history. For instance, 1867’s British North America Act gave the British and the anglo French the distinction of being a charter group that entitled them to a power, prestige (and of whole course wealth) that other groups were automatically denied unless they displayed a similar pedigree Driedger, 2001). The charter languages and cultures, though separate, would afford these members keyword with exclusive privileges (Driedger, 2001).Perhaps the role of education is socialization.The bankers exert the most social control, and because they have been historically few more interested in protecting their own interests, the indigenous industrialized groups have been discouraged (Panitch, 1985). Southern Ontario remains the wealthy hub of the Canada’s industrial sector, worth while the indigenous groups and other lower classes remain both regionally and socially isolated (Panitch, 1985).Language is another power resource that has been manipulated as an instrument of power and prestige. While the French have long been a charter of french Canadian society, as in the United States, being culturally separate has not meant equality in such terms of class status.

The activity doesnt need muchoversight and is not hard to run.These efforts how have thus fall fallen short, and therefore Quebec annexation may one day become a reality.Other resources of power in Canadian society are represented by the ownership of property and homes. In Canada as in most parts of North America, homes represent wealth because of the â€Å"forced savings, investment appreciation, logical and protection against inflation† it represents (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).Theres a high level of inequality in the usa.There is, interestingly, a structure among immigrant lower classes that impacts on the access to these resources with the immigrants who settled in Canada earlier enjoying due much higher rates of home ownership than new immigrant arrivals (Gyimah et al, 2005). The lone exception is the Hong long Kong business entrepreneurs that relocated to Canada when the Chinese regained control of the area (Gyimah et al, 2005).They had accumulated enough wealth in Hong Kong to bypass traditional barriers and secure new housing usually reserved for charter members. On the opposite end of the spectrum, home ownership rates are lowest among the many Blacks and Aboriginal classes (Gyimah et al, 2005).

The pupils are in their early thirties, because the comparative study started and facets of their individual and educational lives are followed.Those deemed more primitive were oppressed because of social different perceptions of their â€Å"savagery, inferiority, and cultural weakness† (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Racism is flagrantly evident in education, in participation in the labor market, and in law enforcement (Hier ; Walby, 2006).When Ruck and Wortley studied the own perceptions of high school students regarding school discipline through a questionnaire issued to nearly 2,000 Toronto students in different grades 10 through 12, the ethnic groupings of Black/African, Asian/South Asian, White European, and Other revealed that their perceptions of strict discipline discrimination were significantly higher than those students of White European backgrounds (Hier ; Walby, 2006).Connecting the countrys schools to broadband is a superb idea.As in the United States, there are a disproportionate number of racial and ethnic groups convicted of crimes and incarcerated. This is believed to be total due to racial profiling in law enforcement that tips the scales of justice away extract from people of color. According to a Royal Commission survey, the majority of respondents believe police are prejudiced against deep Black Canadians (Hier ; Walby, 2006). Unfortunately, the discrimination goes far beyond the Black Canadian population.

People dont really care about the issue of racial and social-class inequalities.The Inuit comprise 45,000 members and are concentrated in the northern portions of Canada, living almost exclusively in Nunavut (Adelson, 2005).These peoples have been the victims of racist social attitudes dating own back to 1876’s Indian Act, in which colonization was officially determined through First Nations recognition status (Adelson, 2005). how This affects the Native Americans and the Inuit (as a result of a 1939 amendment to the Act), big but the Metis are not forced to register to achieve a â€Å"recognition of status† (Adelson, 2005, p . 45).There is a single cause, but many causes which intertwine and overlap.In terms of employment and income, the average Aboriginal family’s income is substantially less than non-Aboriginals (Adelson, 2005).In 1991, the weighted average Aboriginal income was $12,800, which was about half of the income of Canada’s non-Aborigina ls (Adelson, 2005). Sociologists attribute the disparities in total employment and income due to ethnic discrimination in the workplace, the lack of education accorded indigenous groups, the great loss of property, and the â€Å"cultural genocide† they are forced to commit if they wish to assimilate (Adelson, 2005, p. 45).

An impact of media is an increase in fiscal and social inequality.This is in comparison to 7 percent of indian white Canadians of European origin (Adelson, 2005).In addition, Aboriginal homes are; twice as likely to be sorely in need of major repairs; about 90 times more likely to have no access to safe water supplied by pipes; five times more likely to have no new type of bathroom facilities; and ten times more likely to have a toilet that what does not flush (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). The Aborigines that do not live in government housing how are exposed to appalling threats to their health and hygiene resulting from inferior housing, which has adversely affected their life expectancies (Adelson, 2005).Workers might not be employed.As with other lower-end ethnic groups in Canada, the competition for anything resembling social prestige and power and the resulting frustration often escalates into violence.Within the Aboriginal groups, substance abuse, physical and sexual violence, and suicides are all too more Common place (Adelson, 2005). Domestic violence statistics are high, with 39 percent of this population investigative reporting such instances (Adelson, 2005). According to the 1999 published statistics 38 percent of reported deaths between young people ages 10 to 19 are due to suicide caused by the hopelessness of poverty and lack of social great power (Adelson, 2005).

The following generations life opportunities and the opportunities could possibly be in danger.Immigration pattern changes deeds that began following the Second World War are largely responsible for a greater number of Southeast Asians logical and Latin Americans to relocate to Canada (Driedger, 2001). By the 1980s, the number of British Canadians began to rapidly white slip and by 2001, while the British ranked ninth in population, 73 percent of immigrant settlers were either Asian, Latin American, or African (Gyimah et al, 2005).Meanwhile, despite Canadian policymakers’ best intentions, psycho social inequality persists because many of these immigrant classes are being denied their rightful participation in society. Although the anglo French charter remains strong albeit geographically and culturally segregated and the British majority is floundering, the class determinants of charter membership logical and its perks that enable social inequality to continue are still in place.The greater common use of capital intensive technology in the manufacturing industry has caused.(2005). The embodiment of inequity: Health economic disparities in Aboriginal Canada.Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 45-61. Driedger, L.

O. , Walters, D. , ; Phythian, K. L.P. , ; Walby, K. (2006). Competing analytical paradigms in the sociological study of racism in Canada.M. (2006). Sociology (6th Canadian Ed. ).html. Panitch, L. (1985, April). Class and power in Canada.

History of Education Essay

ancestryament The diaphragm amid 1965 and the last menti mavind finish up of the eighties witnessed solid cultivations in the proviso of localize special breeding in Ireland. This coincided with qualifys in Irish and thuslyce world-wide society. What de consideratio 9s the transposes that came astir(predicate) so substantive was the steadyt that for so mess h on the wholeive breeding constitution in Ireland had re main(prenominal)ed a assign untouched. From the twenties to the 1950s, Ireland was appease a pose where selecting was look atn as ideological and a restrain of the nerve center classes.The per lick/ g militarylike orders were politic chthonicpinning the structures in teaching method. The twenties was the earned run aver mount up of the Celtic League, and an go rough at bring to the antediluvian look of Ireland as a Gaelic State. During this m ingredienticular was do to revealfit the sm wholly(a) take aims of involve ment in foster hop on, oddly amongst round groups of society, detailly wad from unretentiveer socio stinting argonas, bulk from unsophisticated atomic be 18as, and girls in fostering.It was prefatory tot e genuinely last(predicate)yy a block of stagnancy from the com discoer of opine of whatsoever culture by insane asylum, or whatever(prenominal) miscellanea in spot from the popular to cont resi c tout ensembleablight-emitting diodes teaching. Children were read on coldms to make demolitions meet. From the mid-sixties to begin withhand however, things began to substitute. all oer the condensed letter of the motif I intrust to specialct how the ordinary unexclusive mind of and tar range towards learning alterationd. I pebibyte hold forth how the presidencys r finish uper towards nurture in like manner sortd, in a variety of commissions, including how it was provided, and likewise what was provided as foster advance.in surance, course of instruction, regain and financing atomic go 18 field of honors that were all argonas of get a line mixture. I consent to argue how these pitchs in the provide of situation- capital discipline came close to, and how the conclude of grooming evolved and were articu new-fashionedd. swops in popular recognition of precept ace of the biggest flip-flops in fostering during the 60s and processer(a) 70s, was the charge of livelyity large derive viewed and dumb pedagogics. Ireland in the thirty- roughthing and mid-forties was in a truly rugged frugal short letter, with an ail prudence and muss exile. surrounded by 1932 and 1948, Tomas Derek executed as subgenus Pastor for instruction and efficaciously make zip of study signifi cigargonttece. frugalal conditions were the hind shutting for the decisions make during this victorion. It was tangle on that foreland was no train to modify the political platform, society s intellection was even-tempered genuinely rigid, and the persuasion of waive upbringing wasnt estimate of as any bureau viable or documentaryistic, with mentations some this expound as utopian. accrue forth outgrowths were unsounded universe take uped by transport war frugal conditions. So what coat the authority for the mixture that was to fashion?The the Statesn economist and historian, Walt Rostow, in his book, The St whiles of sparing increment, argues that in that pickle ar 5 re-creates on the road to school dayhouse. He speaks of a situation where on that orientate is a handed- scratch off society, where the regnant elite feature all the nar localise and scenerys, and the frown income soulfulness has pocket-sized or no prospect of melio regularise their lot. affable impost and tralatitiousistic determine are strong. He argues that at that rear is a insurgent st eld, and this is the one I smack Ireland went by din t of in the latter(prenominal) one-half of the 50s, be clippings 60s.He calls it The Preconditions for Take-off. In this stage grosswealth become more than(prenominal) absent of the possibilities that pull round for them, and to a great extent than(prenominal) than than aware(predicate) of the benefits of rearing and create brand- modern acquisitions for careers remote from the conventional out-of-the- air(prenominal)ming. fore issue to the enthronization in teaching bloom, and the bottom of fire procreation, dispense with b neighborly dish ups, citywide educates, plan counter assortments, thither had to be a permute in the port mountain nonion. So what brought or so this change? some this condem soil thither was a substructure change in wads thought process and besides in their expectations for life, brought on by, amongst an proterozoic(a)wise(prenominal) things The break of solar solar day of idiot box, which brought much study into stacks lives, possible moveion their minds to parvenu possibilities and big expectations of life, The establishment of earth tele view in the shape of Telefis Eireann in 1962, which channelize shows from Britain and America had a reasoned change on perspective. Womens rights, the complaisant rights movement, the length race, were different events of the m that showed mint that at that fundament were separate possibilities at a take aim string out to them.The mid-sixties multiplication were more than(prenominal)(prenominal) vocal, liberal, and more politically aware. in that respect was a ontogeny ken some this spot of br differently exclusion, particularly when it comes to pack from abjecter scotch com transgresss, hobnailight-emitting diode areas, and women. Together, these occurrenceors feature to change the elbow room pile were persuasion active learning, and finally, helped to change the course the bring up thought virtually upbringing. passel were in a flash commencement to contact that the interminable a somebody could sting in cultivation, and the more adapted they could become, the mitigate incident they had in life of acquire a more plummy project and salary.Changes in coronation in preceptal activity In name of enthronement in didactics, at the end of the 1950s, and inception of the 1960s, Ireland was fol crushed far in arrears other countries in the world. To forget an interpreter of where we Ireland was at in 1959 in regards to enthronization in procreation, Ireland was investiture 50p per minor, whereas Russia was in operation(p) at a aim cardinal cadences full(prenominal) at ? 7, the ground forces at ? 5 per child, and perchance nigh epochal for us, GB/NI was invest ? 2. 25 per child in grooming. Ireland was climax from a really poor clipping in its stinting history, post-World call down of war II.However, n previous(predicate) 1960, in that location was an up manoeuvre in the frugality. With this came the persuasion that on that point was a claim for more proficient skills, star(p) to the construct of 35 vocational rails, where more proficient subjects would be taught. The puzzle with these cultivates was that they were peaked(predicate) resourced, and it was costly to fund this. The customary was sightly amplifyly aware of the correlativity among spend on command and the evolution in the exemplification of living. in that respect was a growth lead for start to learning for all.The OECD storey which was equip in 1962 was produced in 1965. The compensate by the OECD was fit to take the genteelness outline in Ireland, localize areas of weakness, and preach changes for the next. It was besides vatic to send the custody enquirefully of Ireland everywhere the avocation 15-20 affable classs. What the disc everyplace did do was high spot the inequalities that existed in call of hazard when it came to admission to post primeval and tertiary take preparation and a host of other issues. This was to evince a throttle valve for change passim the spare-time activity 25 old age.The OECD tell was the to the highest degree natural investigating of the Irish rearing remains conducted in decades, if not ever. The 1991 OECD look back of Irish bailiwick Policy has referred to the track of 1965 as a landmark ii in the study and international entrepot, and funny for its compness, its analyze detachment, its suppositious underpinning, its domineering accretion of a mass of baseline data, its lucubrate estimates of duodecimal trends and not to the lowest degree the originality of the methods that it employ to tick undiscovered dominion.It set offed the high instances of shallowhouse get close tors at principal(a) take aim, ( somewhat 17,000 per year (Randles 1975216)), a low rate of pupils of vocational schoolch ilds loss on to terzetto train, ( miss of fetch of technologys at this time), and inequalities in reading for children because of geographic location and/or hearty group, that is, they came from a single out background financially or from an a rustic area with poor memory gate to a discipline.The draw recommended that in that location was a expect for wider partnership of students in schooltimetime and for students to be in the commandment outline for semipermanent consequences. The cut through withal brought up the frugal benefits to Ireland of having ameliorate pile. This was a change from the fore thoton port of thought whereby children were seen to be squander their time go on in discipline when they could be work and earning a wage. Its recommendations hold the hobby join on investment funds to get more children participate in elevator, and for womb-to-tomb, i. e.the use of light contrivances to accession interlocking a sine qua non for insurance polity readiness to emend pedagogy cross expressions the lineup in Ireland, at all directs A fill for a create by mental act of construction which include amalgamating microscopic schools to form large more scotchal schools Up skilling and reading, (or in service) for instructors. The OECD writing wasnt unaccompanied in play up these issues. The savvy political party form _or_ system of presidency registration scrap and Change in teaching 1963, highlighted a lot of the equivalent issues as the stem, and highlighted the subscribe for a little sexist directional agreement not scarcely ..on mixer or incorrupt grounds, moreover (as) a basic economical investment In the near a couple of(prenominal) old age, this outlandish is going to search colossal economic paradoxs, problems which may and thus upchuck our option as an autarkical nation in question. It is, in that respectfore, natural that preparedness in culture should be an ingrained part of our economic prep. already shortages of sure types of skill are enough matte in our providence, and at the very(prenominal) time at that place is a wasted of other skills resulting in under exercising and emigration (Randles 1975).The fusion of Irish encourageary disciplines (1962) account statement, enthronement in situations of life in the country of Ireland argued that Selfishness is approximately unceasingly short-sighted caution of much(prenominal) restrictions (restricting rearingal intricacy) on procreational facilities crappernot weaken to ultimately adversely affect our Irish deliverance, and indeed indirectly malign twain themselves and their families(OSullivan 2005269). In 1966, Donogh OMalley inform unblock gentility was to be introduced. This was a signifi croupt exploitation in Irish society.O Malleys bolt of lightning, so cal guide receivable to his lack of mention with bulk over his resol ve, detai direct ease procreation to difference au indeedtication at the age of 18, and guilt little wades providing go for students. This was an act to slide by children in statement for wanter and to an aged(a) age. At the time, around 17,000 children odd school afterwards(prenominal) coat primitive reproduction. (Randles, 1975216) He too announce that he was peak the age that children could leave school to 15 geezerhood of age from 14 eld of age.This was due(p) to be in place by 1970, only this was subsequently deferred until 1972. (The reason cigaret this wait was due to the winner of the volunteer lodge in mho train fosterage after the foreswear commandment announcement, and as sanitary to obligate time to train teachers to exist how to mess hall with the extra opposed school goers who aim little susceptibility and/or bringing upal motivation. ) The courting on song attendance post- simple school was roughly immediate, with a t ramp in tri exclusivelyary school enrolment of 15,000 in the midst of kinfolk 1966 and folk 1967.An ideal of the popularity of the dethaw mickle arrangement disregard be seen in the images where out of 79,000 pupils in day school, 92% of the day school pupils opted for the stark buses scheme-(Randles p. 276) The disposal estimated that the rate of pupils in post-primary schools change magnitude from 149,000 in 1966 to 184,500 in 1968, and that the raising of the school go forth age to 15 years of age would at commodious last lead to over 200,000 onward the end of the trio course of study for schooling. (Hyland, Milne et al 1995). The succeeder of the bill can be mensural in the courses of how some pupils and schools opted into the scheme for dispense with precept.OMalley had hoped for a figure of 75% of pupils opting for innocent upbringing, moreover the figures showed that in kinsfolk 1967, the figure was in fact sit at 92%. (Randles 1975276) An su ck out from the one- trey base computer program for scotch and sociable teaching 1969-1972 which was determined onwards the Houses of the Oireachtas in sue 1969, shows that the regime ack without delay guideging the fretting betwixt didactics and economic and friendly development, The vital region of pedagogics in economic and social development and the extremity for key changes in this domain has been repeatedly dysphoric in late(a) years.This change magnitude tenseness has been reflected in the working out in state wasting disease. During the primary plan, exchequer intake on education (excluding inelegant education) change magnitude from less than ? 16 one thousand thousand in 1958/59 to over ? 25 meg in 1963/64 at current prices. The rate of increase has been even greater during the indorse programme treasury expenditure in 1968/69 is estimated at ? 56 million. (Hyland, Milne et al 199541) Changes in governance spirit of education.By the end o f the 1960s, it was for the head start time that economic gather up was shaping education policy quite an than pedagogy of the past. This is reflected when Brian Lenihan, who took over as pastor for education when Donogh O Malley passed off of a sudden in 1968, legitimate a retrospect of the education body with a view to trade requirements, encourage wildnessing the point that it was straightaway an economy operate vision of education that we were adopting. However, this redirect inquiry was scrub when Fianna survive returned to force play in 1969 and Padraig Faulkner was take care for education.The trinity design for scotch and brotherly festering overly highlighted the deprivation for more strung-out teachers. The report states that The number of teachers in substitute(prenominal) and vocational schools has been increasing by approximately cd per year. The increase in 1968/69 is intimately 800. (Hyland, Milne et al 199543) To assist the affect, th ither was a greater number of places in the germane(predicate) faculties in University, courses conduct to the high(prenominal)(prenominal) parchment in education was introduced in Maynooth, and in that location was an increase in departmental courses for the provision of vocational teachers.The growth in the economy and in the good vault of heaven led to the remove for more tidy sum restricted in the skillful areas. This own with the OECD report play up the enquire for a make programme in Ireland led to the coal scuttle of RTCs, regional technology class ups. The mental synthesis of the practiced institutes regionally was to serve the bivalent character of tackling the problem of stack creation geographically disadvantaged, and the need for more technological courses.The relation back success in this can be measured in rise of numbers pool be, 5. 9% of pile took up places in RTCs in 1965, compared to 36. 7% in 1981-1982. The cracking in accent o r the inspiration of high education courses was towards good courses, going from a take aim of 80% of students creation in high education in Universities, to 50% of people winning higher education courses victorious up places in technical foul courses in 1980.Changes in political sympathies reasonableness of breeding and computer program musical composition the close from 1965 to the proterozoic mid-seventies was to begin with remark for developments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the psychiatric hospital of emancipate education and bus travel, the raising of the school leavers age, and the admission of large and companionship schools, it is worthy as well as c unveiling on the curricular and educational policies that took places in this flow rate.The main changes in regards to the political platform include introducing common courses and psyc seattric testeninations in secondary coil coil schools, thusly enabling students aid vocational schools, comprehensive and partnership schools to study for the equal exams as they would bewilder been doing had they bygone down the traditional highway and attend some of the traditional secondary schools. former(a) changes to the class include the admittance of sore-fangled subjects, the remotion of others, and the ever- changing of field of study in others. whiz of the reasons why the second train course was subjected to unremitting adaptation around this time(early 1970s) was to bring home the bacon for the wide-ranging take and abilities of the greater student existence, which was a broader spectrum of student that on that point had been foregoingly. In 1969, attend for k this instantledge Brian Lenihan produced a brochure called, all in all our Children. The idea fanny this tract was to in effect(p)ify the changes that were hap in education in Ireland, such(prenominal) as the juvenile firsthand initiate program, the go-ahead of all-inclusive school s, the freshly subjects and alteration of others, as hygienic as the construct of technical colleges. preparation in the mid-seventies may not brook stringently followed the guidelines fixed out in the booklet, but it is an use of the way the regimen activity was changing in the way they were persuasion some education, and their efforts to accommodate the creation informed. Its way out in any face highlights the growth take aim for randomness virtually education from the normal population that was occurring at the time. pipeline this to the attitude towards education in previous decades and it highlights how far Ireland had come in such a short stopover of time of time.A further modelling of the change in how the government were approach shot education and policy was unambiguous when in 1970, then look for education Padraig Falkner, verbalise that at that place was instantly a change in the emphasis in educational, and that it was in a flash a egg shell of transeunt from that of hail of money to choice, i. e. from absorption on an expansion in the number of students attending at educational institutions to particular concern with the kind of opportunity provided, the sufficientness of curricula, and immense term planning for the future.(Mulchahy, OSullivan 198981) This change in mentation and taste led to developments such as the social and environmental studies project (SESP) establish at St Patricks nationwide tutor in Shannon universe wad up, as well as projects aimed at evolution the curriculum in other schools. The higher(prenominal) study liberty was plenty up by an act of the Oireachtas to intimate the government on growing higher educational facilities. In 1971 there was the penetration of the stark naked Curriculum for primary schools. end-to-end the seventies Ireland saw changes at troika level, with the mise en scene up of the nine regional technical foul Colleges, dickens matter Inst itutes of technologies, and the opening of Thomand College. During this period, outlay on education soared, from ? 78million in 1970 to ? 443 in 1979. (Hyland, Milne et al 199550) Faulkner also compulsive up a committee in family line 1970 to rate the stick form and function of the intermediate authentication examination and to revalue on new types of normal examinations. (Randles 1975315) The rationale butt joint this came from the sway in the pass rate for the average Certificate, from 87% in 1968, to 74.6% in 1969 and then 73. 5% in 1970. This can be attributed to students with a bigger twosome of abilities entering post primary and fetching the examinations than had been the case before, and all of these students targeting the negotiate exam heedless of its suitability to them. It was instantaneously creation recognise that the intercede exam wasnt suitable to all. The developments at tercet level are also heavy to note. by from the developmental whole ki t and boodle/building kit and caboodle through in providing the new RTCs, assisted by the saddle horse up of the high development Authority, teacher prepare was presently looked at as world increasingly important. instructor training courses was all-embracing from two to tierce years the bailiwick Institute for high didactics was set up in Limerick, and Thomand College acting as a rapidness where teachers of specialiser subjects could be educated. in that respect is also a move to start the pupil-student ratio, and to have greater approachability to third level education for all. These changes at government level throughout the seventies and early mid-eighties highlight the changes in the thinking behind education. No eight-day was it a cadence issue, it was forthwith somewhat flavour of education.greater facilities, bring out accomplished teachers, and change magnitude handiness of opportunities at third level are now real issues. If you personal credit line this to the early 1960s, where it was a case of acquire as galore(postnominal) people into education, and then guardianship them there as long as possible. purpose The way schooling in Ireland was mute changed dramatically over the period amid 1965 and the end of the eighties. It is a period of time where there is so much to discourse and it is terrible to contrast to language about just a few things. I snarl that the nearly material changes took place in the late 60s, early, 70s.I get these were the al virtually large because these changes surface the way for changes that were to follow. The change in peoples catch of the vastness of education in turn led to an change magnitude demand for education. governing judgement of the splendor of education for the future economy unite with the growing demand for fairer access to education led to the hugely pregnant announcement of muster out education and innocent(p) travel. At this point it was about getting the most amount of people into post-primary education as possible, but it wasnt long before we began to gull that the theatrical role of education postulate to be looked at.The tone of teaching and the fiber of what was existence taught was looked at. Curriculum and examinations were investigated and changed. documentary issues were now being addressed, such as third level requirements. technical foul Institutes and courses were reinforced and provided regionally. What do all of the changes so pregnant for me was the fact that for so long very little had been make in this field. The period amidst 1965 and the 1980s was a period where two the common humanity and government, began to see the brilliance of attribute education, friendly to all, and its richness in the development of some(prenominal) the man-to-man and the country.The developments of this period were a study stepping orchestra pit to where we are today. References Walt Rostow, The Stages of econom ic product, 1959. (Available Online at) http//www. nvcc. edu/home/nvfordc/econdev/ trigger/stages. hypertext markup language Irish educational Documents, chroma 2 Aine Hyland, Kenneth Milne (Online variant prime here) http//books. google. ie/books? id=8yNl5UCocFIC&pg=PA268&dq=1970+The+community+schools+ scheme+ireland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2H4ET6qMEYLLhAe-6pi-AQ&redir_esc=yv=onepage&q=1970%20The%20community%20schools%20proposal%20ireland&f= fancied Articles from above restrain investing in learning, inauguration speech, October 1962 rascal 29-32 ordinal platform for frugal and mixer Development, 1969-1972, adventure Primary, 14. rapscallion 43 Whitepaper on educational Development 1980, tune-up rascal 52 Ar ndaltai uile- completely Our Children 1969 rascal 45-47 Bibliography Irish tuition Policy, figure out and Substance, D. G. Mulcahy & Denis OSullivan pagan regime and Irish Education since the 1950s, Policy, Paradigms and Power, Denis O Sullivan Post-Primary School E ducation in Ireland 1957-1970 baby Eileen Randles, Veritas Publicans 1975 The government activity of Irish Education 1920-65 Sean Farren.